James Q. Whitman is the Ford Foundation Professor of Comparative and Foreign Law at Yale Law School. His subjects are comparative law, criminal law, and legal history. He is the author of prizewinning books, including Harsh Justice: Criminal Punishment and the Widening Divide Between America and Europe (Oxford, 2004); The Origins of Reasonable Doubt: Theological Roots of the Criminal Trial (Yale, 2008); and The Verdict of Battle: The Law of Victory and the Making of Modern War (Harvard, 2012). His many articles include "The Two Western Cultures of Privacy: Dignity versus Liberty," published in the 2004 volume of The Yale Law Journal. Professor Whitman received a B.A. and a J.D. from Yale, an M.A. from Columbia, and a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago. He has been a visiting professor at a number of American and foreign universities.